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- THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
- A DECLARATION
- by the REPRESENTATIVES of the
- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
- In GENERAL CONGRESS Assembled.
-
-
- When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
- to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume
- among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of
- Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
- requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
- We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
- endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
- Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
- That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their
- just powers from the consent of the governed.
- That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is
- the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its
- Foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall
- seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
- Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and
- accordingly all Experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while
- evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
- accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
- same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it
- is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
- security.
-
- Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity
- which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
- The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and
- usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these
- States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
-
- He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public
- good.
-
- He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance,
- unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so
- suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
-
- He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people,
- unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right
- in estimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
-
- He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant
- from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into
- compliance with his measures.
-
- He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his
- invasions on the rights of the people.
-
- He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected;
- whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at
- large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of
- invasion from without, and convulsions within.
-
- He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose
- obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
- encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of
- Lands.
-
- He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for
- establishing Judiciary powers.
-
- He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the
- amount and payment of their salaries.
-
- He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass
- our people, and eat out their substance.
-
- He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our
- legislatures.
-
- He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
-
- He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and
- unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
-
- For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
-
- For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they
- should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
-
- For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
-
- For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
-
- For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
-
- For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
-
- For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing
- therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render it at once
- an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
-
- For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering
- fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
-
- For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to
- legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
-
- He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War
- against us.
-
- He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives
- of our people.
-
- He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works
- of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy,
- scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a
- civilized nation.
-
- He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms
- against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall
- themselves by their Hands.
-
- He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the
- inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is
- an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes and conditions.
-
- In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble
- terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince,
- whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the
- ruler of a free people.
-
- Nor have We been wanting in attention to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them
- from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction
- over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement
- here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
- them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would
- inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the
- voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity,
- which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies
- in War, in Peace Friends.
-
- WE, THEREFORE, THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
- AMERICA, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
- world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good
- People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are,
- and of Right ought to be FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are Absolved
- from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them
- and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and
- Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances,
- establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of
- right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
- Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our
- sacred Honor.
-
- Signed by Order and in Behalf of the Congress,
-
-
- John Hancock, President.
-
- Attest.
-
- Charles Thomson, Secretary.
-
-